‘Words’ – Sylvia Plath – Analysis

Words

Axes
After whose stroke the wood rings,
And the echoes!
Echoes traveling
Off from the center like horses.

The sap
Wells like tears, like the
Water striving
To re-establish its mirror
Over the rock

That drops and turns,
A white skull,
Eaten by weedy greens.
Years later I
Encounter them on the road—-

Words dry and riderless,
The indefatigable hoof-taps.
While
From the bottom of the pool, fixed stars
Govern a life.

Sylvia Plath (written in the same month that she died – February 1963)

S1 – Well axes are sharp and cutting their purpose to bite into wood. Words when released for consumption can be sharp and cutting – very true for SP as I think TH would surely agree! They can move from the centre of the person especially if they have been well thought out … and like horses travel … to whom they go is another matter … and what they mean as they are met by travellers who take any notice is again another matter entirely, but once released they can travel far and forever perhaps … SP’s words are at this very moment reaching the minds of many.

S2 – SP’s words were always part of her very being … the sap in the wood … and when released it is impossible for her to recover completely perhaps … or at least settle back to where she was before … you could say it was as though each of her poems was her own baby – I can accept a certain poetic life to this view … however, in this poem we have the intensity of the release of her words in terms of tears and sap, the essence of wood is sap … tears flow from her passion and of course from the head (link to skull) … and we know she put her very soul into much of her writing … and indeed her writing was at times a desperate cry for help given her mental instability.

S3 – words come from the head and thought … and years later this will be the fate of the body … an empty skull … empty after the initial disclosure … and many years later SP perhaps looks back, reflects on what she once wrote … dry and riderless … they are beyond her control and they never have the intensity that they had when first written … I guess the same for everyone who writes from the heart.

S4 … they are indefatigable … never tiring they will travel forever … and in line with horses in the first stanza they are as hoof-taps that will never lose their sound. They come from the rock the solid bottom of the pool … in line with stanza 2 … SP the rock and a rock that is governed by the stars – a distinct spiritual dimension to her life … governed by something outside herself … something fixed and external as the stars above the universe.

W B Yeats – on his philosophy

W B Yeats 1885 – 1939 … a symbolist (Ezra Pound) … W  B Yeats the most cited name in The Oxford Illustrated History of Ireland.

Here are some words from Yeats on his philosophy and thinking on poetry.

‘A poet writes always of his private life’ … the autobiographical component transmuted by storytelling, fantasy, symbol and also history. I would tend to agree with this in that everything we say and write defines us in some way or other.

Yeats claimed that ‘all sounds, all colours, all forms … evoke indefinable and yet precise emotions … because an emotion does not exist until it has found an expression … poets, painters, and musicians … are continually making and unmaking mankind’

In an essay on the philosophy of Shelley’s Poetry he wrote …

‘It is only by ancient symbols, by symbols which have numberless meanings … that any highly subject art can escape from the barrenness and shallowness of a too conscious arrangement, into the abundance and depth of nature’.

He believed there to be emotional and intellectual symbols … often personal … a product of an external force … evoking the shared human mind and memory (similar in ways to Jung’s collective unconscious)

In poetry it is symbolism that has the power to move people. I would argue that it is the association invoked by the symbolism that develops an emotive response by the reader.

He was certain that ‘imagination has some way of alighting on the truth that reason has not’

… and also intuition (my comment)

‘Symbolism began with the first words uttered by the first man, as he named every living thing; or before then in heaven when God named the world into being’

From Symons – The Symbolist Movement in Literature 1900

Concerning his basic philosophy … Yeats’ three famous beliefs …

1 … that the borders of our mind are ever shifting and that many minds can flow into one another … and create or reveal a single mind, or single energy.

 2 … that the borders of our memories are as shifting, memories are part of one great memory, the memory of Nature herself.

 3 … that this great mind, memory can be invoked by symbols.

From ‘Magic’ essays and introductions’ … dated 1901 pp. 33,60

Those with a positive outlook might equate the essence of such a single mind to be that of beauty, of order, of joy, of healing, and of course love itself … and for the religious a spiritual communal dimension. Any intuitive thoughts?

Yeats also had an association with the occult …and I think this may have influenced Ted Hughes in his experimentation at university.

Yeats had an image for Ireland based on an agrarian society with few politician and tradesmen and a dominant class based on the landed gentry.

Other References:

Critics on Yeats – Readings in Literary Criticism ISBN 0 04 801012 X
The Twentieth Century in Poetry – Peter Childs ISBN 0 415 17101 6

God is not Nature, Nature God
But Nature product of the same
That from itself a God became
Of beauty beyond any name

The Walk – Thomas Hardy

The Walk

You did not walk with me
Of late to the hill-top tree
By the gated ways,
As in earlier days;
You were weak and lame,
So you never came,
And I went alone, and I did not mind,
Not thinking of you as left behind.

I walked up there to-day
Just in the former way;
Surveyed around
The familiar ground
By myself again:
What difference, then?
Only that underlying sense
Of the look of a room on returning thence.

Thomas Hardy

Very poignant simple direct words straight to the point and from personal experience.

  S1 – TH speaks of the ritual of a familiar walk without the usual accompaniment of his spouse because she is unable to come due to ill-health … but TH took her with her so to speak remembering the many times they had walked together … he did not mind – ‘not thinking of you as left behind’ … (and when he returned she would be there in the room to share his return … we can infer this after we read the second stanza).
S2 – TH again takes the familiar walk … and what difference then … he was again walking by himself and with his wife in mind … but as he walks he is painfully reminded that the room will be different when he returns and there will be no communion and sharing.

and here is a link to some images of Thomas Hardy’s home ‘Max Gate’ in Dorset now a National Trust property … he would have had his dogs for company too

Arab Love-Song – Francis Thompson

Arab Love-Song

The hunched camels of the night
Trouble the bright
And silver waters of the moon.
The maiden of the morn will soon
Through heaven stray and sing,
Star gathering

Now while the dark about our loves is strewn,
Light of my dark, blood of my heart, O Come!
And night will catch her breath up and be dumb.

Leave thy father, leave thy mother
And thy brother!
Leave the black tents of thy tribe apart!
Am I not thy father and thy brother,
And thy mother?
And thou – what needest with thy tribe’s black tents
Who hast the red pavilion of my heart?

Francis Thompson 1899

You get the sense of the camels as moving shapes disturbing moonlight and I do like the idea of the sun drawing up the stars in heavenly song.

The great need of the lover for another expressed so strongly in terms of heart, blood and light – marrying in the words of the heavenly sun-rise from the first stanza.

I don’t know about the scenario of one person’s needs being completely encompassed in the life of another though! … the lover who will do everything for you … but perhaps we can forget realities, it is a love song after all … a song to woo or entice another.

Lovers and poets have a tendency to exaggerate don’t you think?

Francis Thompson … chiefly known for his poem … ‘The hound of heaven’